Liniments are liquid or semi-liquid preparations meant for application to the skin. The liniments are usually applied to the skin with friction and rubbing of the skin (on the affected area). • The liniment may be an alcoholic…
Elixirs are defined as clear, aromatic, sweetened, hydroalcoholic liquids intended for oral use. • They provide a palatable means of administering potent or nauseous drugs. • Elixirs are less sweet and less viscous then sy…
Syrups are sweet viscous concentrated aqueous solutions of sucrose in purified water. Simple syrup I.P contains 66.7%w/w sucrose in purified water (100 ml) Simple syrup USP contains 85%w/v sucrose in purified water (100 m.) Me…
Nasal drops are liquid preparations intended for instillation into the nostrils usually with the help of a dropper. Nasal drops are mostly based on aqueous vehicles although oily drops (containing liquid paraffin of suitable visc…
Ear drops are liquid preparations meant for instillation into the ear. In these preparations, the drug is usually dissolved or suspended in a suitable solvent such as propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, glycerol, alcohol, and …
Throat Paint: Solution or dispersion of one or more active agents. • Throat paints are viscous liquid preparations used for mouth and throat infections. • Glycerin is commonly used as a base because being viscous it adheres…
Gargles are aqueous solutions used to prevent or treat infection. They are usually available in concentrated form with directions for dilution with warm water for use. They are brought into intimate contact with the mucous membra…
These are aqueous solutions with a pleasant taste to clean, deodorize the buccal cavity. Mouthwashes have refreshing, antiseptic and antibacterial activity and prevent Halitosis. They may also contain alcohol, glycerin, synt…
In liquid pharmaceuticals solutions sometimes the active drug is poorly soluble or insoluble in the desired solvent and could not able to achieve the required concentration of formulation. In such cases, it is required to increas…
1. Clark's formula: Child's dose = weight in (lbs)/150 × Adult dose Child's dose = weight in (kg)/70 × Adult dose 2. Dilling's formula: Used for calculating a dose of a child from 12-20 years of age. C…