Cell culture is used in cellular and molecular biology, providing excellent model systems for studying the normal physiology and biochemistry of cells (for example, metabolic studies, aging), the effects of drugs and toxic compou…
Fig. 1: Steps of animal cell culture (a) Requirements: Vertical Laminar air flow, Incubator, Refrigerator, Microscope, Tissue culture ware. (b) Temperature: The temperature is set at the same as the body temperature of th…
The removal of cells from animals and their subsequent growth in a favorable artificial environment is called animal cell culture. Animal cells are more difficult to culture than microorganisms because animal cells require many m…
Stability is defined as the extent to which a pharmaceutical product retains, within specified limits and throughout its storage period and use, i.e. its shelf life, the same properties and characteristics that are possessed at t…
Pharmaceutical products are defined as any substance or mixture of substances for human use for the diagnosis, treatment, or prevention of a disease, abnormal physical statements, or altering or modifying any organic function. Wh…
Early indications for microbial spoilage are gas production, pH changes, and organoleptic changes like smell, sour, fishy amines, bad eggs, earthy taste, bitter, etc. Microbial polymerization of sugars and surfactant molecules ca…
Most of the raw materials for pharmaceutical products support microbial growth based on the nutritive properties and moisture contents. Microbiological contaminants are infectious materials, such as bacteria, mold, fungi, and vir…