Most of the raw materials for pharmaceutical products support microbial growth based on the nutritive properties and moisture contents. Microbiological contaminants are infectious materials, such as bacteria, mold, fungi, and vir…
Pharmaceutical products contain a wide range of excipients in addition to active pharmaceutical ingredients to make the formula easy to manufacture, stable, effective, and convenient for the patient. These products in the pharmac…
Amino acids are the basic building blocks of proteins. They constitute all proteinaceous material of the cell including the cytoskeleton and the protein component of enzymes, receptors, and signaling molecules, and also used for …
Microbiological assay of vitamins is a biological assay method performed with the help of microorganisms. Vitamins and amino acids are the essential components for the growth of microorganisms. The basis of this assay is to measu…
An antibiotic is a medical preparation, containing a sufficient amount of chemical entity that is caused to produce naturally (by a microorganism) or artificially (semi-synthetic way) and that possesses the inherent ability to ei…
Atmospheric gases namely oxygen and carbon dioxide are the main sources for microbial growth. Oxygen has a more significant effect on microbial growth. Dust particles in the outside air are the main carriers for soil organisms li…
Laminar airflow is an enclosed bench cabinet. It is designed to prevent contamination of biological samples or any particle-sensitive materials. Principle: The air is passed through a HEPA filter which removes all airborne c…
Antimicrobial agents are the agents that are used to prevent infections by killing or preventing the growth of living organisms. They are of various types like antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoan, antihelminthic, etc. As per…